It is possible to present a brief summary of the subjects that the chapters in this book focus on.

The mind-body problem receives new attention, partly under the inspiration from the success of quantum mechanics. Here I will discuss reductionism. The mind-body problem remains central to modern philosophy, no doubt stimulated by the progress in brain research. Following Thomas Nagel’s article on bats, one may similarly examine one of history’s champions. I will also deny reduction or physicalism, though my argument is very much simpler than Chalmers (1996).
One may argue that modern social theory must be relevant for political science. But modern social theory has a strong inclination towards subjectivism: is this relevant for political theory? I do not think so, because subjectivism is in reality a philosophical position, consisting of a theory of epistemology for the social sciences which is not only wrong but borders on nonsense. Modern subjectivism, or as it is somewhat ludicrously called: `post-modernism', is basically the ambition to crush what is called `objectivism', by launching a special version of 'subjectivism', i.e. a theory regarding what social science knowledge is all about. Thus, subjectivism is an argument for a new epistemology for any kind of social theory, includi4 political science, replacing the major objectivist arguments of the 20th century.
Philosophy of science pays meagre attention to the social sciences and humanities. It deals with basic questions in the natural sciences like Hempel, or general epistemology like e.g. Putnam and Kripke. Popper is the main exception.
In the 21st century there is a new debate about so-called Western values. The beliefs of the occidental countries are attacked, as concealing contempt for other countries, spoken of as orientalist, Muslim or Buddhist. Yet, Western philosophy can only be equivalent to “OCCIDENTALISM” when focused upon truth, truth telling and freedom of choice.
The analytical-synthetic distinction keeps being of great interest. But why? Analytical sentences are camouflaged tautologies. They are not falsifiable, neither in this Kant’s world or in any of Leibniz’ possible worlds.
The 21st century will most probably be the last one for mankind. First, the threat of nuclear confrontation is imminently present in the Ukraine war, where with escalation, it becomes global. Second, global warming will make life unbearable. There is no strategically viable way out of the heating up of the planet, as every state cheats. Now, we have 425 ppm.